The natural flavonoid quercetin, which may be found in a wide variety of plants and fruits, is being researched more and more for its potential as an anticancer agent. Studies have been carried out on both animals and people and it has been found to prevent the development of specific types of cancer cells in laboratory experiments. Quercetin is believed to achieve this by influencing many intricate biological processes, with evidence pointing to the potential involvement of numerous genes associated with the development of cancer.
1. AKT1 Gene
According to research, quercetin may aid in reducing the activity of AKT1, which is a protein involved in the survival of the cell
and proliferation. It is believed that quercetin binds to AKT1, decreasing its activity and reducing tumor development and
metastasis as a result. Apoptosis, or the planned cell death of harmed and malignant cells, is another effect of quercetin.
Quercetin has been demonstrated in laboratory studies to suppress tumor development and lessen tumor growth and
metastasis.
2. MAPK14 Gene
A flavonoid called quercetin, which is present in many dietary sources offers a range of health advantages, such as anti-
inflammatory and anticancer capabilities. It has been demonstrated to inhibit MAPK14, commonly known as p38 MAPK, a
signaling pathway implicated in the growth and angiogenesis of cancer cells. Quercetin has been demonstrated in studies to
lessen MAPK14 activity, which prevents the growth and spread of cancer cells.
3. RB1 Gene
Quercetin has an impact on the RB1 gene's activity in cancer cells. It has been discovered that quercetin reduces the gene's
expression, which inhibits cell division and influences migration and metastasis. Quercetin has been demonstrated to target
the RB1 gene and reduce the development of cancer cells in several cancer types.
4. MDM2 Gene
It has been shown to have anti-cancerous effects, and one of those effects is the capacity to target the p53/MDM2/MDMX
pathway. It alters the pathway's protein expression levels and prevents the interaction between MDMX and MDM2, stabilizing
p53 as a result. Moreover, quercetin inhibits MDM2 expression in cells, which activates p53.
5. PIK3CA Gene
Quercetin is known to have anti-cancer properties, and studies have suggested that it could help by blocking the PIK3CA
gene, which promotes cancer. Quercetin can influence the PI3K signaling pathway in tumor cells, which is implicated in
cellular growth and metastasis. It has been discovered that quercetin reduces PIK3CA expression and blocks its activity .
6. TP53 Gene
A polyphenol called quercetin may be discovered in a variety of fruits and vegetables, tea, wine, and honey. Several possible
anti-cancer effects have been discovered for it, including the capacity to lessen TP53 gene expression which is a tumor
suppressor gene. A protein produced by this gene often aids in controlling the cell cycle and detecting DNA damage. Tumor
development is facilitated by low TP53 expression. The expression of TP53 appears to be decreased by quercetin.
7. ESR1 Gene
A lot of research has been done on quercetin as a cancer treatment. Quercetin can slow the growth of tumors by altering the
estrogen receptor (ER) and the molecules that communicate with it downstream, such as ER, according to studies (ESR1).Breast cancer cell lines (estrogen sensitive and insensitive) can exhibit decreased ESR1 expression when quercetin is
present. Moreover, quercetin has been shown to reduce ESR1 activity.
8. ERBB2 Gene
The gene ERBB2 is often overexpressed in several malignancies and is involved in the survival and proliferation of the cell.
The impact on ERBB2 gene expression quercetin is examined in many research. According to the findings, quercetin can
lower ERBB2 expression in many cancer types.
9. CDK4 Gene
CDK4 is one of the important genes of the cyclin-dependent kinase family which regulates the cell cycle. It has been
demonstrated that quercetin inhibits the function of CDK4, a crucial element of the cell cycle, by blocking its phosphorylation
and obstructing the advancement of the cell cycle. Moreover, it has been shown that quercetin greatly lowers CDK4
expression, which can inhibit cell division and proliferation.
10. NFKB1 Gene
Research has shown that quercetin can inhibit NFKB1 activation in cancer cells. It inhibits an important transcription factor
which is NFKB1 which results in the inhibition of tumor growth and blockage of metastasis. Furthermore, cyclooxygenase-2
COX2), an enzyme that encourages the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, can be inhibited by quercetin, reducing cell
proliferation and avoiding inflammation.
11. P21 Gene
The overexpression of the tumor suppressor gene P21 is a way through which quercetin exerts its anticancer properties. P21,
a cell cycle inhibitor, is essential for controlling how the cell cycle develops. Several studies have demonstrated that quercetin
therapy can upregulate the expression of the P21 gene as a result apoptosis and tumor growth are inhibited.
12. NQO1 Gene
NQO1, a gene that codes for an enzyme involved in the detoxification of carcinogenic substances, is another gene that is
controlled by quercetin. According to research, quercetin boosts NQO1 expression, which improves carcinogen detoxification
and prevents the start of cancer.
13. MRP1 Gene
MRP1 is a transporter which is called multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and is associated with multiple drug
resistance. The expression of MRP1 is inhibited by the action of quercetin which is proved by many studies. It has been
discovered that quercetin therapy blocks MRP1 expression, increasing tumor cells' susceptibility to drugs.
14. MMPs Gene
In addition, it has been demonstrated that quercetin controls the production of matrix metalloproteinases, required for the
invasion and metastasis of cancer. It has been discovered that quercetin therapy inhibits MMP expression, which decreases
cancer cell migration and invasion .
15. GSK 3 beta Gene
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta can also be regulated by quercetin. GSK3 beta controls the process of signal transduction
by regulating many signaling pathways that control cell growth and death. GSK3 beta activity has been demonstrated to be
inhibited by quercetin therapy, which decreases cancer cell growth and increases apoptosis.
16. BAX Gene
It has been demonstrated that quercetin controls the expression of BAX (proapoptotic gene), which is essential for the
triggering of cell death in tumor cells. Treatment with quercetin showed to boost the expression of BAX, which increases
apoptosis in cancer cells.
17. VEGF Gene
The vascular endothelial growth factor is an important growth factor which is essential for angiogenesis, which results in the
creation of new blood vessels. The importance of angiogenesis in tumor development and metastasis makes VEGF a
desirable target for cancer treatment. Several studies have demonstrated that quercetin therapy reduces VEGF expression,
which in turn reduces tumor development and angiogenesis in cancer cells.
18. CASPs Gene
A family of cysteine proteases known as caspases is essential for the induction of apoptosis, or planned cell death.
Caspases' dysregulation has been linked to the emergence and spread of cancer. It has been demonstrated that quercetin
controls the production of caspases, increasing apoptosis in cancer cells. More specifically, quercetin therapy increases cell
death in tumor cells by upregulating CASPs genes (3, 8, 9) .
19. NRF2 Gene
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 a transcription factor, is essential to overcome oxidative stress in the cell by its
antioxidant property. It has been demonstrated that NRF2 activation increases cancer cell survival and treatment resistance.
Several investigations have demonstrated that quercetin administration reduces NRF2 expression, increasing the
susceptibility of cancer cells to chemotherapy.
20. STAT3 Gene
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 a transcription factor, is essential for the control of several cellular
processes, including cell division, proliferation, and death. STAT3 dysregulation has been linked to the emergence and
spread of cancer. According to research, quercetin inhibits STAT3 activity, which decreases cancer cell growth and boosts
apoptosis.
21. C-MYC and Related Genes
In addition, research on quercetin has revealed that it controls gene expression of many genes involved in cancer, including
p53, c-Myc, and AKT. These genes are involved in many cell signaling pathways that control drug resistance, cell
proliferation, and cell death. Quercetin is a potential natural substance for the treatment and prevention of cancer due to its
capacity to control the expression of these genes .
22. TRPM7 Gene
A calcium-permeable ion channel known as TRPM7 has been linked to the emergence and spread of cancer. It has been
discovered that quercetin blocks TRPM7 function, which can lower intracellular calcium levels and stop cancer cells from
proliferating and migrating. In addition, it has been demonstrated that quercetin inhibits the production of AP1, a transcription
factor that controls cell development, proliferation, and death. Quercetin can reduce the growth and proliferation of tumor
cells by suppressing gene expression controlled by AP1 by reducing the activity of AP1 .
23. IL6 Gene
A further significant gene that is controlled by quercetin is IL6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is essential for the initiation
and development of cancer. It has been discovered that quercetin prevents cancer cells from producing IL6, which can
lessen the inflammatory response and stop the development and survival of cancer cells.
24. PTEN Gene
In several cancers, the tumor suppressor gene PTEN is commonly altered or deleted. According to research, quercetin
increases the expression of PTEN, which can decrease cancer cell growth and proliferation and trigger apoptosis. Moreover,
BCL2, an anti-apoptotic protein that is mostly overexpressed in tumor cells, has been demonstrated to be downregulated by
quercetin. Quercetin can increase cell death in cancer cells by reducing BCL2 activity, which will stop the formation and
spread of tumors
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